The Impact Of Consent On Professional Practice - 2913 Words

The Impact of Consent on Professional Practice This assignment will consist of discussing and identifying issues that directly impact on the professional practice of nursing with the concept of consent. During my nursing placement, I witnessed consent occurring on a day-to-day basis. â€Å"A fundamental principle underlying ethical practice is ‘informed consent.’† (Dobson, 2008) Such as the consent to treatment is fundamental, as all healthcare professionals have a responsibility to ensure that they gain consent prior to proceeding with any care or treatment. The principle of consent is an imperative part of medical ethics and the international human rights law. Consent needs to be valid, therefore it must be voluntary and informed, with this the individual giving consent must have the capacity to make the decision. Healthcare professionals needs to provide all the necessary information in relation to the terms of what the treatment involves, which includes the benefits, risks and if there are any other valid alternative treatments and what will happen if treatment does not proceed. Informed consent applies when a person can be said to have given consent based on a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, and the implications and consequences of an action. If the individual has the capacity to form a voluntary and informed decision to consent to or refuse treatment, their decision must be respected. This will stand even if the individual is refusing treatment andShow MoreRelatedThe Abortion For A Minor1198 Words   |  5 PagesSupport legislation and opposition Relating to notice of and consent to an abortion for a minor. Abortion for minors is a major public health concern in the United States. There are more than 300,000 births to teens each year, increasing the risk of both the mother and the baby’s health. Abortions on minors have raised political, clinical, social, and economic awareness. In order to make effective changes to abortion for the minor one must produce empirical evidence, to evaluate policy optionsRead MoreConsent And Its Types And Legal Fundaments879 Words   |  4 Pageswill introduce the concept of consent, briefly identify its types and legal fundaments, look at significance of consent in a healthcare provision and illustrate the main issues involved with patients’ consent with midwifery practice as the focal point of interest. According to Medical Dictionary (2003) ‘consent’ is an ‘act of reason’, voluntary agreement to proposed treatment made by a mentally capable person upon receiving relevant information. Patients’ consent is closely associated with individuals’Read MoreLegal Aspects of Professional Psychology1650 Words   |  7 PagesLegal Aspects of Professional Psychology Terri Smith PSYCH/545 Survey of Professional Psychology Dr. Erica Wansel August 26, 2012 Introduction Professional psychology has simplicities that set it apart from other recognized branches of psychology. The twist and turns of professional psychology make it where legal has to be taken into consideration. In any type of medical field legal always play a major role. The patients and clinicians have an obligation to one another to abide by the guidelinesRead MoreA Brief Note On Social And Political Action808 Words   |  4 PagesI. 6.04 Social and Political Action Section 6.04 best supports community practice, it is inclusive of the elements needed to become a community activist or organizer. The details of this section cover equal access to employment, resources and the expansion of opportunities for disadvantage. This section embraces the methods of a community activist or organizer, by using action words like promote and advocate. The vivid instructions are given on the responsibilities of a social worker to prevent discriminationRead MoreNursing Profession1208 Words   |  5 PagesGCU Accountability of Nursing Professional NRS-430 Marina Reade April 07, 2011 Accountability of Nursing Professional Every health care member is accountable to their Profession ,Public ,Self,Clients,and health care agency.Accountability means they are able to explain the reasons behind their actions. Accountability facilitates self assessment and assume ownership of job role. Porter-O’Grady Malloch(2007) replaced respnsibility with accountability. The word ‘ Responsible ‘Read MoreCritically Evaluate Medical Ethics And Legal Issues1263 Words   |  6 Pagesissues Introduction Medical ethics and legal issues have been a key topic in medical field for many years now. It is important for medical professionals to understand the importance of the way we care for patients, it is therefore important to be knowledgeable and aware of the medical ethics and legal issues that govern good patient care. Health care professionals must make decisions based on ethical and legal issues to performance their regular duties. However, Medical ethics is not only about avoidingRead MoreThe Ethics Code And New York State Professional Standards1580 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract A professional psychologist enters into the field of Psychology to help others improve their mental health circumstances. As a licensed professional psychologist, it will be easy to know who the client will be because the client will request a service, pay and consent form signed. Client cannot be easily defined as just a paying customer because a client encompasses so many other things. WHO IS THE CLIENT? Who is the Client? There should be an obvious answer, which will be the payingRead MoreA Brief Note On The Area Of Practice1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe area of practice †¢ Telepsychology is defined, for the purpose of these guidelines, as the provision of psychological services using telecommunication technologies (APA, 2013). †¢ Telepresence: â€Å"the ability of the psychologist to engage the client with communications that are warm, smooth, emotionally engaging, supportive, empathic, nonjudgmental, and reassuirng and to avoid fractured conversations or communications that are too brief† (Jolhnson, 2014, p. 293). †¢ In-person: â€Å"interactions in whichRead MoreEssay on Traits of an Effective Counselor1065 Words   |  5 PagesCounselor characteristics are also an important part of the therapeutic dynamic. As the case study demonstrates, the professional counselor began with a good rapport and empathy. I believe the session was effective because the client and the counselor worked together with re-evaluating how the client was going to improve his circumstances. In this case study, the counselor establishes a good relationship and empathy with the client, which allows him to be completely honest about his thoughts andRead MoreEthics Code And New York State Professional Standards1471 Words   |  6 PagesA professional psychologist enters into the field of Psychology to help others improve their mental health circumstances. As a licensed professional psychologist, it will be easy to know who the client will because the client will request a service, pay and consent form signed. Clie nt cannot be easily defined as just a paying customer because a client encompasses so many other things. WHO IS THE CLIENT? Who is the Client? There will be an obvious answer, which will be the paying client. This

Youth Gang Membership And It s Implication Adolescent...

There are over 700,000 adolescents who are involved in youth gangs. (Thomas). America has a youth gang culture that is present in its society. This paper will focus on youth gang membership and it’s implication to adolescent development. First to be discussed will be the demographics of adolescents involved in gangs. Then the reasons why youth join gangs and how it is related to their natural development. Next, we will turn to contemplate the implication of gang culture and involvement in America’s public school system and the effect on teachers and their classrooms. Finally, we will look into how prevention programs on large and small scale can positively influence gang culture in our education systems. Who in America is members of gangs? According to the National Youth Gang Center in the United States 28,700 youth gangs that involved 780,200 members (Thomas). Gang membership is more likely among males than females and the average age in 18 although it can range anywhere from 10-18. Gangs are more likely in large urban areas, but can range from any size city or town. It’s important to note the difference between youth gangs and a deviant youth group. Youth gangs are defined by researchers as â€Å"distinct group recognized by its members and the community and involved in criminal acts† (Thomas 63). The main difference involves the recognition of the gangs in their respected communities. Most of the time gangs will show their membership by different symbols or specificShow MoreRelatedGang Membership: Risk Factors for Joining and Effects on Offending Trajectories2261 Words   |  10 PagesRisk factors for gang membership have been identified at five major levels: indi vidual, family, school, peers and community (Howell Egley, 2005). For example, at the individual level early onset of delinquency and antisocial behavior among pre-adolescents could be an indication of future criminality (Moffitt, 1993). Risk factors within peer association can have an effect on whether an adolescent becomes a member of a gang. These peers may provide antisocial views, aggressive influences and possiblyRead MoreGang Involvement : Membership, Violence, Crime And Juvenile Delinquency3474 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Gangs: Membership, Violence, Crime and Juvenile Delinquency By Dominique Dillon St. John’s University CRM 119 Dominique Dillon October 22nd 2014 Running head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Annotated Bibliography Alleyne, Emma Wood, Jane L., (2011). Gang Involvement: Social and Environment Factors. Crime and Delinquency 60 (4) 547-568. Using the stereotypes of the AmericanRead MoreJuvenile Gangs2762 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Juvenile Gangs Introduction Juvenile street gangs are expanding, and evolving into crime that has not been linked to gangs in the past, according to the FBI. While they expand into white-collar type crimes like counterfeiting, identity theft and mortgage fraud, they also continue to be involved in illegal activities that they are more well known for, such as drug sales, recruiting new members, violent turf wars, and prostitution, the FBI reports. The number of active street gangs (including gangs inRead MoreYouth Crime Essay3259 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿ Youth Gang Involvement MET CJ/631—Youth Crime Problems Boston University Dr. Frank Carney April 20, 2013 Abstract Within the United States, youth involvement in gangs has become a serious problem for the future safety and security of the United States. The following thesis explores the growing problem of youth involvement in gangs and attempts to understand the growing trend by exploring historical facts and figures, policies and programs. Within the lastRead MoreCrim 301 Literature Review Essay4188 Words   |  17 Pagesages of nine to seventeen being involved with gangs in the United States. While most people would agree that gang membership is an individual choice, scholars believe that it is more important to shift the focus of these programs from an individual level to a community level. This literature review examines a few of the prevention programs the OJJDP have implemented in the school’s curriculum and after-school programs in the community to keep adolescent teens off the streets. The paper evaluates theRead MoreWhat Are the Major Issues That Cause Inner City Youth to Join Gangs and Become Delinquent? Discuss Whether the New Labour Government’s Policies Have Been Effective in Solving These Issues?8138 Words   |  33 Pagesmajor issues that cause inner city youth to join gangs and become delinquent? Discuss whether the New Labour Government’s policies have been effective in solving these issues? 2010 Project by: Alice Mutumba Student No: 05038460 CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Summary The perception that gang culture in relation to youth crime is growing in the UK is intensified by the media, it is very rare to read a daily paper these days without coming across some mention of gang related crime. In order to understandRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages2007; Cancian Reed, 2008; Magnuson Berger, 2009). One consequence is that children are less supervised at home than they were in traditional households. It is believed that this lack of supervision and nurturance from parents has an influence on youth crime (Hoeve et al., 2007). Other identifiable causes of crime are frustration of failure in school, the increasing availability of drugs and alcohol, and the increase of child abuse and neglect of children (Tsunokai Kposowa, 2009; Resko et al.,Read MoreHSCO 500 Research Paper3620 Words   |  15 Pageshomeless across America is ongoing and impacts youth of all cultures and backgrounds. There are millions of youth that are homeless in t he United States. The typical ages of homeless youth are eighteen and younger. In America the average youth becomes homeless by age fourteen (www.safehorizon.com). Youth can become homeless for a number of reasons e.g. finances, verbal and physical abuse, pregnancy, sexual orientation, mental illness and neglect. Many youth and young adults have also become homelessRead MoreEffects of Rap Music on Crime14002 Words   |  57 Pagesinvolvement in crime and delinquency, while blacks do not. Finally, we discuss our findings in light of research on media effects and audience reception, youth subcultures and post-subcultural analysis, and the sociology of cultural consumption. Thinking About Rap The emergence and spectacular growth of rap is probably the most important development in popular music since the rise of rock ‘n’ roll in the late 1940s. Radio airplay, music video programming and sales figures are obvious testimonies toRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 PagesCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Adolescent pregnancy has long been a worldwide social and educational concern for the developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. Many countries continue to experience high incidence of teenage pregnancy despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place. In 1990 approximately 530,000 teenagers in the United States became pregnant, 51% of whom gave birth (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 1998). Available literature suggests that fertility

Huck Finn Morality Essay Example For Students

Huck Finn Morality Essay In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, author Mark Twain uses Huck to demonstrate how one s conscience is an aspect of everyday life. The decisions we make are based on what our conscience tells us which can lead us the right way or the wrong way. Huck s deformed conscience leads him the wrong way early on in the chapters, but eventually in later chapters his sound mind sets in to guild him the rest of the way until his friend Tom Sawyer shows up. Society believes that slaves should be treated as property; Huck s sound mind tells him that Jim is a person, a friend, and not property. Society does not agree with that thought, which also tampers with Huck s mind telling him that he is wrong. Though Huck does not realize that his own instinct are more moral than those of society, Huck chooses to follow his innate sense of right instead of following society s rules. In chapter 16, Huck goes through a moral conflict of whether he should turn Jim in or not. I was paddling off, all in a sweat to tell on him; but when he says this, it seemed to kind of take the tuck all out of me (89). Right off from the beginning, Huck wanted to turn Jim in because it was against society s rules to help a slave escape and Huck knew it. But when Jim said that Huck; you s de bes fren Jim s ever had; en you s de only fren ole Jim s got now (89), made helped Huck to grasp the concept that there is a friendship in the making. Even though Huck didn t turn Jim in, he is till troubled by his conscience when the slave catchers were leaving because he knows it is wrong to help a slave. Still Huck cannot bring himself forward to tell on Jim, thus showing that his innate sense of right exceeds that of society. Huck finds out that all of the bad things he did are coming back to haunt him. In chapter 31 when Jim gets sold for forty dollars, Huck realizes that here was the plain hand of Providence slapping me in the face and letting me know my wickedness was being watched all the time whilst from up there in heaven. It also scared Huck because all this karma, what comes around goes around, was happening to him. Thus foreshadowing that helping a slave escape will have its consequences in the future. It also foreshadows that since Jim is now captured, Huck will have to rescue him because they have bonded so much throughout the voyage. Huck then has to struggle with his conscience about returning Jim to Miss Watson so he decides to write a letter to Miss Watson. After Huck wrote the letter he feels like he could finally pray. I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever felt so in my life, and I knowed I could pray now. But I didn t do it straight off, but laid the paper down and set there thinking thinking how good it was all this happened so, and how near I come to being lost and going to hell (213). Then Huck starts to think and he thought about all of the good times that he and Jim had, and that his friendship with Jim is more important. So instead of sending the letter, Huck arrives at his moral decision and decides to tear it up and go to hell (214). Huck s sound mind now tells him that this is a true friendship because Huck has already decided that he will save Jim, no matter what the cost would be. .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 , .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .postImageUrl , .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 , .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642:hover , .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642:visited , .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642:active { border:0!important; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642:active , .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642 .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4e5b32c4a47955a68a3e7454106f642:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Spiritual Growth of Lily Owens in The Secret Life of Bees EssayLoneliness sets in for Huck after Jim is sold, and Huck finds out what a friendship is all about. Huck also felt loneliness before when he and Jim were separated, when a steamboat hit their raft. When Jim was with Huck, Jim provided companionship for Huck and now that Jim is gone, Huck only feels loneliness. Now Huck recognizes that Jim is more than just property and understands that Jim is a friend to him. One of the first times that Huck recognize Jim as a human being is when Huck actually apologizes to Jim in chapter 15. It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger; but I done it, and I warn t ever sorry for it afterward, neither. I didn t do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn t done that one if I d a knowed it would make him feel that way (86). No person in society would have ever have apologize to a slave but Huck understood the humanity, of Jim, after Jim s definition of what is trash. This also shows how Huck was maturing and how he is accepting the innate value of human beings. After this incident, Huck couldn t even stand that wicked people had something mean done to them. Whenever Huck follows his own sense on righteousness, and not those of society, his thoughts are more moral. Just the decision to help a slave escape is going against all rules of society. Huck s sound mind helped him go against societys rules and let him think by himself. It s just like the poem by Stephen Crane that says, Think as I Think, said a man, Or you are abominably wicked; You are a toad. And after I had thought of it, I said, I will, then, be a toad. This is just like Huck because all of his decisions that he makes based on instinct and not what society tells him.

Why did the Weimar Republic survive the crisis of 1918 1923 Essay Example

Why did the Weimar Republic survive the crisis of 1918 1923 Paper Many desperately serious problems faced the new Weimar Republic and its constitution between 1918 1923, as explored in the previous essay. Amazingly, the Republic survived and remained intact. It survived falling due to many solutions the Treaty of Versailles, from political, economic, left wing, and right wing problems too. These different solutions kept Germany from crumbling. In this essay, I will explore these solutions to show how and why the Weimar Republic survived the crisis of 1918 1923. The Weimar Constitution was designed as a balanced democratic settlement to bring back stability, with which every German could identify. It did result in an ersatzkaiser, and was potentially de-stabilising, but despite this, the constitution worked very well indeed. It gave German people the right to employment, and dole money (pleased the left wing) even though Germany was in great debt. It gave workers National Insurance, and hinted at Nationalisation, which would unify Germany, although the Right wing would fury. The Constitution brought Germany from autocracy to democracy; shown by everyone over 20 being allowed to vote, and gave people many social rights e. g. o be able to belong to a Union, and adapted as part of the constitution. The Constitution worked well under extreme circumstances, for example in the Kapp Putsch. Article 48 was potentially destabilising, and gave the power to be abused and become a dictator. However, Article 48 was not abused in the period 1918 1923 at all. It was used properly and as it should have been sensibly, to stabilise, and bring about order. The coalition governments that rose from the constitution frequently fell over disagreements, but there were many good points about them. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the Weimar Republic survive the crisis of 1918 1923 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the Weimar Republic survive the crisis of 1918 1923 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the Weimar Republic survive the crisis of 1918 1923 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They made parties feel wanted and they could all have a say on how the country was run. The parties were forced to compromise and worked as one. The Social democrats and Catholics could now play a part in the government, who were previously seen as enemies of the Reich. The president and the Reichstag were finely balanced, and so coalition governments had many hopeful points surrounding them to keep the Weimar Republic up and running, and so surviving the many crises that threatened the new Republic. So the new Republic survived problems from the constitution, mainly because there were many positive sides to it. People could work and receive money if they werent, they could vote, a change they had not yet encountered under the Kaiser. Article 48 was used properly and sensibly and the parties worked well together, so it wasnt all bad, and as this was so it kept the republic from collapsing. Although the Treaty of Versailles treated Germany more harshly than was expected, the consequences were not all bad as they first appeared. The signing of the armistice brought the war to an end before Germany could be occupied by the allies. The harshness of the treaty united Germany and every German, it became a strong united nation state. The destruction of the Austrian-Hungary Empire and Ottoman Empire created many smaller states. Germany became a large, powerful country amongst these smaller countries, in a position to dominate Eastern/Central Europe. France failed to weaken Germany permanently, and the harsh Reparations did not completely destroy the German economy. The Allies later modified the Reparation demands by the Dawes Plan. However, the French occupation of the Ruhr was beyond Germanys control. So, the Treaty bonded the country together in times of difficulty. The treaty was despised and hated, but every German was united in its hatred. Hatred wasnt directed much towards the government, the countries hatred was directed more towards the Allies. Germany became a strong country, and so self-esteem was boosted by the people knowing that their country was still as powerful, if not more in its position. So the Republic survived this crisis well.. the Treaty wasnt as bad as it could have been. The economic problems seriously undermined the regime, but the decisions made by the Government were not all bad. For example when the French occupied the Ruhr, the people supported the Government by carrying out passive resistance, and not co-operating with the French as they took over the mines. This shows loyalty to the Weimar Republic. When hyperinflation set in, there were many losers, but on the positive side there were winners too. Inflation is good for growth! Winners were those who owed money and were able to pay off debts in devalued currency, tenant farmers could keep the family alive on their goods and buy the farm for themselves, landlords could buy more real estate from the naive and desperate, and entrepreneurs could exploit cheap credit and inflated profits to create large industrial companies, (e. g. Hugo Stinnes). So, although the were losers: middle classes and those living on fixed income lost out, quite a few people would benefit and be exceedingly happy. When the new government was set up after Wilhelm Cunos fell in August 1923, a new chancellor, Stresemann, of the DVP, solved virtually all of Germanys economic problems almost instantly. Stresemann called off Passive resistance in the Ruhr, as it didnt seem to be working, stopped the printing of more worthless money, and introduced a new currency.. the Rentenmark. This new currency stabilised the German economy almost overnight. So, although many people lost out to the effects of hyperinflation and were annoyed with the new Government, people did benefit from hyperinflation. With the stability of the currency people were able to lead more of a natural life, and would be pleased with the government for taking them back to normality. For this there would not be as much resentment towards the government. Germany began to prosper, and despite the losers the people who profited (those with power Stinnes) came out better off from hyperinflation than if it had never had of taken place. So, some people would have nothing against the Government, as it brought them their fortunes, and freed people from heavy debt. The Left wing attempted to overthrow the government, but they failed. The left wing threats, for example the Spartakists, were easily put down the Army the Ebert/Groener Pact. This shows how the Left wing would have never have had a chance of turning Germany Communist, due to the strength of the army. So it would survive the crisis thanks to the army. The bad organisation on the part of Karl liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg also led to the left wing defeat they were murdered by the army too. So the Republic survived the crisis from the left due to bad organisation, and extreme left wing numbers were highly overestimated. For people only attended the rallies as they were unemployed, hungry, and many people were suffering from Spanish flu. But the people saw the KPD for what they were as they were not suffering as much as the Russians did in the Russian revolution. There was less dislocation than in the USSR too unemployment was not that serious, although people were suffering from hunger and flu in 1918. The Left wing did support the actions of the government, for example when Kapp seized power in Berlin, the left organised a general strike in Berlin and elsewhere. The Left was never strong enough to pose a serious threat to the Republic. They were overestimated and easily put down. The Left wing went into disarray in 1921 and never posed a threat from then on. Although there was a talk of a German October, The Red army in the Ruhr was easily put down by the army and so, due to the incompetence of the Left and bad organisation, they were doomed from the start and never really strong enough to take control of the Government so the Weimar Republic survived. The threat from the Right was the greatest to the new Weimar Republic, but they failed to overthrow the government, and so letting the weimar Republic survive the crises from the Right. They failed on this due to a few main reasons. The Right Wing were badly disorganised, just like the extreme Left Wing. Kapp failed to mount a successful putsch, and so was Hitler. On both occasions the army remained neutral and did not support the extremists, and they both made bad mistakes. They both failed to seize power, they were undisciplined and so the Republic survived. Ordinary people supported the government when the right went too far. For example the assassination of Walther Rathenau. 700000 people turned out to protest against the Organisation Consul, as they hated Right Wing extremism. The army, and the ites in the government never intended to overthrow the Government, as they were dreadfully afraid of a civil war. Although the judges were biased, they still removed the extreme left wing protesters and halted their attempts to seize power by sentencing the majority of them to death. The Right was very underestimated, they were the greatest threat to the Republic, but they didnt pose as much as a threat to the Republic in the years 1918 1923 as they did when Hitler was in power in the years 1932 1933. The Government did have the support of the general public, in the Kapp putsch and the Munich Putsch. Kapp was defeated by a general strike. So, although the extreme right was a formidable threat to the Weimar Republic in these early years they were not able to take control. They did have a significant amount of popular support, but the extreme right did not have majority support. It was weakened by internal divisions between Freikorps and Reichswehr, DNVP and NSDAP, and civilian politicians and paramilitaries to name but a few. These were significant factors to explain why the Kapp and Hitler Putches failed in 1920 and 1923. The Right were the biggest threat to the Weimar Republic, but they failed to seize power as they were not yet strong enough, they were divided, with no clear strategy. Every new government is meant to have a few teething problems, this began just before, and just after the Weimar Republic was set up in January 1919. The Spartakists were on the streets, the Freikorps sent in to put the unrest down. The Weimar Republic began on a bad note. It survived many crises in the years 1918 1923. It survived due to a strong constitution, the proper use of article 48, the hyperinflation, and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles. It survived the threats from the left wing (the Spartakists) and the threats from the right (Kapp and Hitler putsches). One question would be: why and how did Weimar survive these? My answer as to be the most important factor as to why the republic survived would be because the Right wing were not yet strong enough. However it can be argued that resentment was channelled more towards the French and the Allies than towards Weimar itself, as they had imposed the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles, and the French had occupied the Ruhr and caused the inflation. Despite these effects of inflation, the workers did not suffer to the same extent as they did when there was long term mass employment after the end of the war. Businessmen and others did very well out of inflation, like Hugo Stinnes, and many other people did exceedingly well out of inflation. People could pay of debts in devalued currency, so these profiteers would not resent the government at all even though the was no clear political alternative to Weimar. Germany became more united when the Treaty of Versailles was imposed, and the government was forced to work together. Although it frequently fell, it worked together and pulled through all the problems it faced (Kapp Putsch). The Left wing didnt pose much of a threat, it was put down easily when they did protest and the numbers were much much smaller than was predicted. The left never stood a chance to take the Government, they had not yet recovered from its divisions and suppression in the years 1918 1921. But the Right were the biggest threat to democracy. As argued in the previous question the right was the biggest problem to the Republic, but they could not take control so early. The Right was strong and powerful, they had big business and the Army on their side, not to mention the civil service and judiciary. The Right was much stronger and powerful than was predicted. However, despite the right being the strongest threat to the Weimar Republic, they failed to take power. In the years 1918 1923 the right were not yet strong enough. This was shown in the Kapp Putsch, they seized power but fled after 4 days. They were divided and had no clear strategy and were unorganised. There were internal divisions between Freikorps and Reichswehr, DNVP and NSDAP etc etc. They failed to seize power as they were unorganised, and they did lack majority support. It was a miracle that the Weimar Republic survived all of these crisis, but I believe strongly that if the Right wing were more organised, and had more of a clear strategy and removed all of the internal divisions in the years 1918 1923, then they could have easily have seized power and removed those in the Weimar Republic. The Right were a formidable threat to the weimar Republic, and although they did fail to take control in the years 1918 1923, they were the biggest threat, and the most powerful underestimated force that the Government should have dealt with before they started on the extreme left. So, the Weimar Republic survived the crisis of 1918 1923, due to a strong, divided right wing with no clear strategy, not yet ready to seize power.

What is Christian ethics Research Paper Example

What is Christian ethics Paper The term ethics deals with what is morally right or wrong. Christian ethics therefore, deals with what is morally right or wrong for a Christian. There are several distinguishing characteristics of Christian ethics, each of which play a vital role to its analysis. Some Christians will base their ethics solely on the Bible and its teachings, others will base their ethics on the biblical teachings but also on Church tradition and Natural Law, others will follow a Situation or virtue ethics approach and others will look to their conscience as a guide. Christian ethics is based on Gods will and is a form of divine command position. However, God never wills anything contrary to his unchanging moral character. The ethical imperatives that God gives are in accord with his unchangeable moral character. That is, God wills what is right in accordance with his own morals Be Holy because I am Holy. Christians believe the scriptures transmit the Word of God: this gives them authority. The weight of authority given to the Bible is dependent on what exactly a Christian believes about the books. Some Christians believe that humans were inspired by God to write down the scriptures which means the writings are related to the time and culture when they were recorded and may contain human errors. This makes them a useful source of guidance to people but does not make their contents absolute. Others believe the Bible contains Gods words handed down directly to humans. This makes these writings divine and makes them the highest authority their rules and codes are absolute. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Christian ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is Christian ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is Christian ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The New Testament has particular importance for Christians because it records the teachings of Jesus, whom Christians regard as Gods Son sent to earth to save humanity. They also believe it is essential to follow Jesus teachings if they are to be saved. The Divine Command theory is a strong part of Christian ethics as it poses a vital belief the argument is that something is good simply because God commands it and for no other reason. This is one side of Euthyphros dilemma and states that we cannot apply reason or verify it in any way. For example, if God were to command a cruel dishonest action such as murdering an innocent man then it would be right simply because he commanded it. Many Christian thinkers, including Aquinas and more recently William Temple, have rejected the Divine Command Theory because they say some things are innately good or bad. Temple said, In its nature, the moral judgement is quite wholly independent of religion. The Roman Catholic Church accounts for the majority of Christians in the world, and is the largest religious organisation of any religion. Within Catholic theology, Natural Law holds a dominant position. Aquinas has emphasised reason as a tool for showing that certain acts are intrinsically right or wrong, as they go against true purpose; certain absolutes, such as sanctity of life, cannot be changed by the circumstances. The Church encourages a range of different approaches, but when it comes to official church teaching, the vast majority of statements, encyclicals etc. are strongly in-line with Natural Law. Within other denominations, Natural Law theology still has a significant impact. Many Christians adopt deontological positions and think we should act according to Gods design or purpose for our lives. They may be less influenced by Aquinas in this, and Protestants tend to be less sure about moral absolutes. However, there is still a strong sense of following rules within most Christian denominations. Christians believe Natural Law is God-given and as such has authority in the formulation of an ethical code. Catholics also consider that conscience plays an important part in Christian ethical decision-making. Here conscience is not seen as some inner voice which will point us in the right direction but something of reason and judgement. Christians regard their conscience as the ultimate guide for making moral decisions because it was given to them by God and represents the voice of the Holy Spirit within them. Prayer worship and the teaching of the Church also assist the conscience, which Aquinas described as reason-making moral decisions. Very liberal Protestants may have a situationist approach to Christian ethics. Situation ethics presumes it is not necessary to abandon moral autonomy, nor is it necessary to act in an antinomianistic or legalistic way. In any situation people need to avoid subjectivism and individualism, and to use the moral rules of the community, but they should set these aside if love is better served by doing so, therefore being based on the Christian principle of agape unconditional love. Joseph Fletcher explained this theory in his book about situation ethics and it became apparent that he believed that love always takes the priority, even over laws against lying, stealing, adultery and murder. For example, this could be applied in a situation where it would be wrong to use someone for sexual pleasure as there was no love involved. Virtue ethics is also an important source for Christian ethics. Instead of focusing on acts or ends, virtue theory holds that people should think about becoming better people, and prescribes qualities which constitute goodness. So while a utilitarian seeks to bring about the end with the greatest good for the greatest number, and Aquinas encouraged people to do actions which accorded with the natural law and avoid those which didnt, virtue theorists encourage people to look to self-improvement. This links to love as being the highest of all virtues and also the rationale for all virtues but just in different circumstances. The virtues, for Christian ethics point towards the goal for which we aim, even if we do not achieve it in life. In conclusion, it is evident that Christians set out to follow the Will of God. They use various sources of authority to discover what the Will of God is and I have mentioned these different types of foundations of the religion in my essay which has proved that whilst most Christians would recognise them as sources of authority, they are likely to place a different emphasis on their relative importance.

How the printing press effected the media world essays

How the printing press effected the media world essays If it were not for Johan Gutenbergs invention of the printing press, literacy would not be where it is today. That is way the invention of print is considered a communications revolution. One of the aspects that will be discussed is how society pre-existed before the printing press and how information was collected and distributed through out the communities. Literature was becoming a lot more popular so the world was ready for an invention that would help this need for more literary material. An important aspect is the invention of john Gutenbergs printing press and what progression happened after it and what impact it had on Europe and the world. Before paper and print were invented, oral communication was the only way information was gathered and distributed. Everything from tax to politics and legal matters were discussed orally. This type of communication was face to face and only people present could hear the message. Even though this bound the community together, it did not allow the community to grow and there were no ways of storing information except in the brain, also if the community moved on or perished so did their historical records and knowledge. But not everybody was illiterate. The local priests were educated and could be employed for literal services like the writing of wills. The church was the only manufacturer of books like illuminated manuscripts (500-1500c), scrolls which were practical for reciting literacy text and codex which were reference books, made from parchment or animal skin. These were rare as they took a long time to produce and emperors had them as status symbols (8th-11th c) even if they could not read them, they conferred an image of intelligence and power. Literacy was slowly evolving but books were still expensive and took a long time to produce. A monk could spend a year or more to reproduce one bible. In 105AD the Chinese had made paper and block printing was brought to the...

Gods and Goddesses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gods and Goddesses - Research Paper Example As the discussion stresses  some of the most important spiritual beings worshipped by Romans include Jupiter and Juno. Jupiter was their main god, while Juno was his wife, and she was regarded as a goddess of fertility. The Romans used the peacock and the pomegranate to symbolize her presence.From the report it is clear that  though early Romans placed did not regard and care for the personality of their gods, they were concerned on their functions. These early Romans integrated worship of the gods into all aspects of their lives. In politics and geographic influence, Rome integrated religious beliefs and customs. Assimilation was visible in all corners of life. For example, the Romans began worshipping the goddess Cybele because of the threat that Hannibal was posing towards the people of Rome.  In the lives of Romans household were seen to have personal spirits which protected every household. They were called the lares and in essence were family ancestral spirits. The penate s were kind of spirits that guarded the larder. It is stated that little shrines, the lararium, were placed in houses to and these spirits could be worshipped on daily basis. Sacrifices in the form of bits of wine and food were offered to these spirits. Later on Emperor Constantine brought in Christianity which changed the whole of Rome and Europe. The Roman gods had a direct influence on the family lives of the Romans. Take for instance Juno, who was the goddess of fertility. The Romans believed that she had the power and capability of providing children to them.  

Deborah Tannens But What Do You Mean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deborah Tannens But What Do You Mean - Essay Example I agree with Tannen’s stance on criticism. Women’s softened criticism originates in their delicate nature. Tannen rightly attributes it to their emphasis upon feelings rather than ego. Women talk to others the way they would like themselves to be talked to. On the other hand, men are straight-forward. Being rough and tough, they expect others to be rough and tough as well. They don’t realize when they are being too tough to the women because they are not women themselves. It’s just that they have never been able to feel how a woman feels when she is being talked to in a straight-forward and critical manner. I also agree to Tannen as she analyzes women’s feelings when they don’t get the same level of formality or politeness that they treat men with. I agree that quite often, women keep thanking others for â€Å"nothing†. Although a man might be trying to be gentle while responding to a woman manager’s thankyou with welcome, yet a woman may not understand that he was trying to play his part on the scale of politeness because his performance was just not up to the mark! I agree that men are stronger at arguing than women because this is what they do all the time. Although women also keep arguing among their community in their little capacity, yet their capacity does not measure equal to that of men. One reason for this may be that men fight over more crucial matters than women and are more often held accountable for their acts than women, though I disagree that women are not taken seriously if they don’t argue enough. I agree that women are more generous and eager in giving feedback while men are more reluctant and critical. What women take very seriously is an ordinary thing to men. Again, it’s the delicacy of women’s nature and the roughness of men’s that is playing a role here! The fact that men tend to bring solution to women for the problems they raise with the intention of

Abnormal presence Essay Example for Free

Abnormal presence Essay All the monster desired from Victor was a decent upbringing, and an explanation for his creation. Shelley was trying to put this point forward as its a question all children would ask and expect of their parents, as its the responsibility that they take on when they commit to having children. Shelley emphasises the point again, that Victor was not ready to commit to this responsibility. The creature begins life isolated from mankind. His isolation is amplified by humans reactions to him; he means them no harm, yet they flee from him or force him away as they are not used to such an abnormal presence. The creature flees a group of bewildered individuals and escapes to a secluded cottage in the woods, where he shelters himself away from the cold weather and rain.. The creature is fascinated by the cottagers behavior and immediately attracted to their beauty and tenderness. He observes their lifestyle through an opening in his shelter and a crack in the cottage wall. Through this all the creature is thinking about is how he desires such a childhood, such a lifestyle and upbringing, yet he was brought into this world as a neglected baby. He started out feeling isolated and an outcast from society, but sees a family with such warmth and welcoming in this world. His observations of the family connect him with other people and reduce his unnaturalness by allowing him to study about and imitate normal people. The creature then learns that there is more to life than what he has seen, and wants to get to know the De Laceys better, and as a possibility become a part of their family. Bear in mind the creature has been alive in the hovel for over a year now, and has been hiding in it for the majority of the time. After much planning and effort, the creature attempts to speak to the eldest De Lacey. While the old man is home alone, the monster enters the cottage and begins conversing. Sympathetically acknowledged by the old man, the creature decides to share his story just as the other De Laceys return. Disgusted at the sight of the deformed figure, Felix attacks the creature, who flees to his hovel to hide, his fondest hopes crushed. The creature, enraged by his dismissal, experiences hatred for the first time: I could with pleasure have destroyed the cottage and its inhabitants and have glutted myself with their shrieks and misery This shows how the family interpreted the monsters presence as disturbing, when all the monster wanted to do was to find a family who would love and care for him, unlike Victor. The monster realises the tie that binds himself and his creator: from you only could I hope for succor . . . on you only had I any claim for pity and redress This shows us that from the way Victor dismissed him, it was the cause of so much hatred and anger when rejection happens all over again to the creature. The creature has learned aggression and deception through his exposure to society and his education. Shelley has included this to give us an image of what is would have been like to have not been brought up with love and affection from our parents, and to not have had the memories and experiences we do now. Without these the creature could not comprehend his existence, and makes the need to be with his father more apparent. To conclude Mary Shelley has captured the essence of why family and domestic affection are so important during our lives, as without it she has given us a fictitious example of what we might turn out like. The use of the creature gives us a clear understanding that he was not brought up in the way we all take for granted, and how such small things we dont blink an eyelid to, make such a significant effect on our lives. Victors denial and rejection of the creature shows me how hard it would be to bring up something you werent entirely convinced you wanted, and you could cope with.

Effects Of The Financial Crisis On Iceland Economics Essay

Effects Of The Financial Crisis On Iceland Economics Essay The country of Iceland is the smallest economy within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with a gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 of about $11.8billion. The Icelandic economy has been based on marine and energy resources. More recently, Iceland has developed a very strong services sector, which accounts for two-thirds of the economic output. Since the start of the decade i.e. from 2000, Iceland has experienced particularly strong growth in its financial services sector. Trade accounts for a large share of Icelands GDP, with imports accounting for 46% in value and exports accounting for 35% in value of goods and services of GDP. Icelands main export item was fish and other marine products until the year 2006, when Iceland began to capitalize on its abundant thermal energy resources to produce and export aluminum. A combination of economic factors over the early to mid-2000s led to Icelands current economic and banking distress. In particular, access to easy credit, a boom in domestic construction that fueled rapid economic growth and a broad deregulation of Icelands financial sector spurred the banks to expand rapidly abroad and eventually played a role in the eventual financial collapse. Iceland benefited from favorable global financial conditions that reduced the cost of credit and a sweeping liberalization of its domestic financial sector that spurred rapid growth and encouraged Icelands banks to spread quickly throughout Europe. The 2008-2010 Icelandic financial crisis was a major ongoing economic crisis in Iceland that involved the collapse of all three of the countrys major banks (Kaupthing, Landsbanki, Glitnir) following their difficulties in refinancing their short-term debt and a run on deposits in the United Kingdom. Relative to the size of its economy, Icelands banking collapse was the largest suffered by any country in economic history of the world. This was the main reason why Iceland had to suffer so much in the crisis. Commenting on the need for emergency measures, Prime Minister Geir Haarde said on 6 October 2008, There [was] a very real danger that the Icelandic economy, in the worst case, could be sucked with the banks into the whirlpool and the result could have been national bankruptcy. He also stated that the actions taken by the government had ensured that the Icelandic state would not actually go bankrupt. At the end of the second quarter 2008, Icelands external debt was 9.553 trillion Icelandic krà ³nur (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬50 billion), more than 80% of which was held by the banking sector. This value compares with Icelands 2007 gross domestic product of 1.293 trillion krà ³nur (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬8.5 billion). The assets of the three banks taken under the control of the FME totaled 14.437 trillion krà ³nur at the end of the second quarter 2008. MONETARY POLICY Monetary policy is the process a the government, central bank, or monetary authority of a country uses to control (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or rate of interest to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. Monetary theory therefore provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. Monetary policy is contrasted with fiscal policy, which refers to government borrowing, spending and taxation. During the financial crisis, Icelands monetary policy credibility had been very seriously damaged. Unsatisfactory inflation outcomes had already undermined the credibility of the monetary framework, even before the financial crisis started and, consequently, inflation expectations were poorly anchored. Icelandic economists had said that due to the huge impact of the crisis, rebuilding the credibility was likely to take time, and also maintaining it might be very difficult. However, after the crisis, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) had voted to lower the Central Bank interest rates by 0.5 %. By supporting the interest rate cut, it lead to the appreciation of the krona in trade weighted terms. As in the ISLM Model, a decrease in the interest rates leads to an increase in the money supply. Therefore, this has lead to an expansionary monetary policy, as the interest rates were lowered, and also the MPC supported or voted for lower interest rates. MONETARY POLICY GRAPH The above graph shows the shift in the LM towards right, which has lead to an expansion in the LM curve. Since the MPC voted for a lower interest rates , the money supply was increased. Therefore, the LM curve shifts from LM1 to LM2, leading to an expansionary of the monetary policy. FISCAL POLICY In economics, fiscal policy can be defined as the use of government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy. Fiscal policy refers to the overall effect of the budget outcome on economic activity. There are three possible stances of fiscal policy: Neutral stance, which implies a balanced budget where, govt. spending = Tax Revenue Expansionary stance, increase in the govt. spending and reduction in tax revenue Contractionary stance, decrease in the govt. spending and increase in tax revenue During the financial crisis, there was an increased government debt. Due to the recession and rising debt servicing costs, the public deficit was projected to be above 10% of GDP in 2009, adding to the public debt burden. As a result, a considerable fiscal consolidation was therefore needed to put public finances back on a sustainable path and to pave the road for a successful euro-area entry. It was also important to reduce the deficit vigorously in the coming years, so that the country can reach the goal of balance. In order to eliminate the deficit, the government of Iceland had the option of tax increases as well as spending cuts, it then decided to opt for the former as they were easier to introduce immediately. The starting point for the tax increases would have been to reverse tax cuts implemented over the boom years, but Iceland could no longer afford. This would involve the increase in the personal income tax and also lift the reduced rate of VAT (Value Added Tax). This planned fiscal consolidation, would involve measures which would help to contain the expenditures. FISCAL POLICY GRAPH The above graph, shows the shift in the IS curve towards left, which leads to the contraction of the IS curve. Since the govt. decided to reduce their expenditure and increase the taxation, in order to consolidate the fiscal policy, the IS has moved towards left, leading to an contractionary fiscal policy. INFLATION In economics, inflation can be defined as the rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, then each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, annual inflation is also erosion in the purchasing power of money a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. The effects of inflation on an economy are manifold and can have both simultaneously positive and negative impacts. Since Iceland, comes from a small domestic market, the banks in Iceland have financed their expansion from getting loans on the inter-bank lending market and, more recently, by getting deposits from outside Iceland (which are also a form of external debt). Large amount of debt was also taken by the households, which was equivalent to 213% of the disposable income, causing inflation in the country. Due to the practice of the Central Bank of Iceland issuing loans (liquidity) to the different banks on the basis of uncovered bonds which are newly issued and printing money on demand, this lead to inflation being exacerbated. Due to the financial crisis, the country of Iceland suffered inflation. On 25th of March 2008, popular website, Bloomberg.com that Iceland had raised its rates to 15% by raising its repo rate by a huge 1.25% in one day. The website also reported that the country was facing an inflation rate of about 7%. However, the Central Bank of Iceland had a goal of maintaining the inflation rate of about 2.5%. Also the Icelandic currency, krona has declined against the euro, from about 100 ISK per euro at the beginning of the year (2008), to its nadir of 125 on March 19 2008. Due to the interest rate hike it had the effect of moving it to about 116 from about 122. In August 2006, the country of Iceland made news when it had increased its interest rate to 13.5%. At that time, the krona was very strong against the euro. Iceland made news previously in August, 2006 when it increased its interest rate to 13.5%. The krona was then trading at a stronger at 90 to one euro. Some main factors why Iceland incurred inflation was mainly due to, the value of krona depreciated, secondly the prices of various commodities kept on soaring, and lastly, there was uncertain effect on wage agreements on labour costs. Since the financial crisis brought a huge change in the development of the economies in the world, as well as making many banks go bankrupt, the Icelandic debt is now over 320 billion krona, which is roughly about $4 billion US dollars. This figure is huge; as one can say considering that its about a quarter of their GDP. INFLATION GRAPH Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 6.60 7.30 8.50 2009 18.60 17.58 15.19 11.89 11.63 12.18 11.32 10.90 10.81 9.71 8.63 7.50 2008 5.77 6.79 8.72 11.76 12.32 12.74 13.55 14.54 14.02 15.89 17.15 18.13 2007 6.89 7.41 5.87 5.29 4.67 4.01 3.76 3.45 4.18 4.47 5.19 5.86 The above graph shows Icelandic inflation rate over the past 3 years. In the graph, one can make out how the inflation rate climbed up consistently in the year 2008, whereas in the year 2009, the inflation rates kept on falling except in the month of June where it increased, but since then it had kept on decreasing. In the year 2008, the reason why inflation rate climbed up consistently, was because of the krona which had been depreciating, where as in the year 2009, the inflation rates kept on falling as the property prices fell, which resulted in the fall of prices. UNEMPLOYMENT Unemployment can be defined as people who do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the past four weeks, and are currently available for work. Also, people who were temporarily laid off and are waiting to be called back to that job are counted as unemployed. Some types of unemployment are listed below: Structural Unemployment. Frictional Unemployment. Cyclical Unemployment. Since the financial crisis, lead to large percentage of unemployment all over the world, Iceland was also one of them which had a quite high rate of unemployment. Unemployment in Iceland increased tree times more by the end of November 2008. There were more than 7000 registered jobseekers (about 4% of the workforce) in November compared to just 2136 at the end of August 2008. The debt repayment had become more costly as household debt (80%) and 13% denominated in foreign currencies had become indexed. The impact of the crisis was such that since October 2008, 14% of the total workforce had experienced reductions in pay, whereas around 7% of the workforce had their working hours reduced. According to IFL (Icelandic Federation of Labour) president Gylfi Arnbjà ¶rnsson, the above figures were lower than expected More than 85% of the workforce who were currently registered as unemployed in the country, stated that they had become unemployed or lost their jobs in October after that, due to the economic collapse. In December 2008, the unemployed figures which were registered in Iceland was 4.8 per cent, or around 7,902 people an increase of some 45 percent in November, according to the figures from the Directorate of Labour. These unemployment figures were the highest, Iceland had recorded since January 1997. In the same month i.e. December in the year 2007, unemployment rate partly was 0.8 percent, or 1.357 people. The Directorate of Labour had estimated that the figure will rise to 6.4-6.9 percent by the end of January 2009. Among those unemployed, the rate of unemployment among young people had increased the fastest, with the number of registered 16 to 24 year olds jumping from 1,408 to 2,069 in the month to the end of December 2008. This age group accounts for 23 percent of the entire jobless total. UNEMPLOYMENT GRAPH 0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00% 7.00% 8.00% 9.00% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 The above graph shows the rate of unemployment over the past 7 years. During the financial crisis, the rates skyrocketed especially in the year 2010, due to the banking as well as financial collapse. Many became jobless as banks and other sectors were closed. Other reason why the rate was high in 2010 was, because the fishing sector was affected. This sector accounts for 10% of the total workforce in the country. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined in economics as a basic measure of a countrys overall economic output. It is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a country in a year. It is often positively correlated with the standard of living, though its use as a stand-in for measuring the standard of living has come under increasing criticism and many countries are actively exploring alternative measures to GDP for that purpose. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be determined in three ways, all of which should in principle give the same result. They are the product (or output) approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach. Prior to the 2008-2010 crises, the economy of Iceland had achieved high growth, also had a low rate of unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income all over the country. The economy depended heavily on the fishing industry which is the main source of their income, which provides 70% of export earnings and employs 10% of the work force. Icelands economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, with new developments in software production, biotechnology, and tourism. During the global financial crisis, the crisis-stricken Icelandic economys GDP shrank by a record 6.5% in 2009, despite having a decent growth of 1% in 2008 and massive growth of 6% in 2007. The decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) by 6.5% was a record in the national accounts of Iceland. There was a sharp decline in GDP in last year (2009) as the domestic expenditure plunged by 20.1%, then the household consumption also fell to 14.6% due to unemployment and government consumption dwindled by 3%. Also, Icelands fixed capital formation dropped by 49.9%. These were the reasons why the gross domestic product (GDP) fell by a huge margin, in the year 2009. After the crisis, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iceland managed to expand at an annual rate of 3.30 percent in the last quarter i.e. in the year 2009. Iceland Gross Domestic Product is now worth 17 billion dollars or 0.03% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. Icelands Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system, including generous housing subsidies. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) GRAPH Year Mar Jun Sep Dec Average 2009 -5.10 -0.40 -7.20 3.30 -2.35 2008 2.90 -6.00 1.80 3.20 0.48 2007 2.10 0.80 5.10 -1.00 1.75 The above graph, describes the changes in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Iceland over the past 3 years. During the years 2007 2008, Iceland recorded a growth in the GDP, which helped in boosting the Icelandic economy. However, most of the year in 2009, it recorded a huge decline of 6.5%, except in the last quarter i.e. in the month of December where it a recorded a positive GDP. The main reasons why the GDP declined in the year 2009 was because the household consumption, the government consumption, as well the domestic expenditure rate had fallen massively, resulting in a negative GDP for the most part of the year. CURRENCY The Iceland currency which is known as krà ³na had been declined more than 35% against the euro from January to September 2008.Inflation of consumer prices was running at 14% and Icelands interest rates had been raised to 15.5% to deal with the high inflation. In the month of October 2008, the effects of financial crisis brought about a collapse in the Icelandic banking sector. The Central Bank of Iceland abandoned its attempt to peg the Icelandic krà ³na at 131 krà ³nur to the euro after it had tried to set this peg in the month. During the month, the Icelandic krà ³na was trading at 340 to the euro when trading in the currency had collapsed because the last major Icelandic bank had been takeover by the FME and thus the loss of all krà ³na trade clearing houses. Then, the central bank introduced restrictions on the purchase of foreign currency within Iceland. From October to November, the European Central Bank quoted a reference rate of 305 krà ³nur to the euro. The Central Bank of Iceland had then set up a temporary system of daily currency auctions in the month of October to facilitate international trade. The value of the krà ³na was determined by supply and demand which took place in these auctions. The first auction sold à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬25 million at a rate of 150 krà ³nur to the euro. Commercial krà ³na trading outside Iceland had again been started in the end of October, at an exchange rate of 240 krà ³nur to the euro, after which Icelandic interest rates had been raised to 18%. The foreign exchange reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland had felled by US$289 million during the month of October 2008. During November 2008, the real exchange rate (discounting inflation) of the Icelandic krà ³na, which was quoted by the Central Bank of Iceland, was approximately one-third lesser than the average rate from the period 1980-2008, and also 20% lower than the historical lows during the same period. The external rate which was quoted by the European Central Bank was still lower. On the last trading day of the month November, the Central Bank of Iceland had quoted 182.5 krà ³nur to the euro, while the European Central Bank had quoted 280 krà ³nur to the euro. INTERNATIONAL TRADE The economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility. Icelands standard of living is among the worlds highest, in part due to the overall openness of its economy, which has allowed Iceland to reap significant benefits from specialization and trade according to a report on the trade policies and practices of Iceland published by the WTO Secretariat. Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention. Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared with other OECD countries. However, government consumption is less than in other Nordic countries. Icelands trade policy is pursued along three main tracks: multilateral trade liberalisation through the WTO, regional liberalisation through the European Economic Area (EEA) with its EFTA/EEA partners and the European Union and finally, bilateral free trade agreements in cooperation with its EFTA partners Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Icelands international treaties hav e strengthened foreign trade. The EEA Agreement covers the free movement of goods, persons, capital and services. Membership in the EEA in 1994 and the Uruguay Round agreement brought greater market access for Icelands exports, capital, labor, and goods and services, especially seafood products. Agriculture is heavily subsidized and protected by the government, with some tariffs ranging as high as 700 percent. Iceland is a part of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The WTO was established on the 1st of January 1995. It is an organization designed to supervise and liberalize international trade. Since the early 1990s, Iceland and its other partners in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland have established an extensive network of contractual free trade relations in Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean region and with countries in other parts of the world. The WTO deals with controlling of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements. The country has signed a large number of multilateral and bilateral agreements. Iceland is furthermore strongly committed to the Doha Development Agenda and a fair and equitable outcome that will benefit the entire membership. Iceland supports the Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund, which is intended to assist developing countries in taking advantage of the opportunities created by increased trade liberalization. Iceland exports 40% of fish and fish products, 40% of aluminum and alloys and animal products. The main imports are machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs and textiles and Cement. Icelands primary import partner is Germany, with 12.6%, followed by the United States, Norway, and Denmark. Currently, the largest trading partner countries are Germany, the UK, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries. The fishing industry is one of the most important industries. It provides 70% of export income and employs 6.0% of the workforce; therefore, the state of the economy remains sensitive to world prices for fish products.  [i]  The diversity of Icelands exports has, however, increased significantly in recent years, due to structural reforms and privatisation of state owned entities in finance and other sectors. Exports of manufactured products have been growing rapidly. Services now account for 36% of total export revenues while in 1990 the share was 26%. Icelands ratio of services to total trade is one of the highest among OECD countries. It is the Governments stated objective to provide Icelandic agriculture with a realistic opportunity to adapt to changes in its operating environment, to the benefit of farmers and consumers alike. The growth of international trade had been affected in the 1930s by the existence of tariffs and other barriers to international trade. To avoid such problems an agreement, the general Agreement of Trade and Tariffs, was concluded between 44 countries which included Iceland. Iceland joined GATT in 1968. GATT stated that an international agreement should be created which required a binding code of conduct for international trade; its main objective was the liberalization of world trade. Its principle was that there would be mutual benefits if international trade took place on the basis of non-discrimination and should be gradually reduced through negotiations. The liberalization for international trade gave Iceland confidence in their trade. During the period 2003-07, Iceland developed from a nation best known for its fishing industry into a country providing sophisticated financial services, but was consequently hit particularly hard by the 2008 global financial crisis, which extended into 2009.  [ii]   Self-protection and self-preservation have characterized Icelands foreign trade policy since its independence from Denmark. While Iceland is a highly developed country, until the 20th century, it was among the poorest countries in Western Europe. However, strong economic growth has led Iceland to be ranked first in the United Nations Human Development Index report for 2007/2008.  [iii]   TARIFF Iceland enjoys some of the strongest economic freedoms among all countries However; Iceland is very isolationist as regards to the import of farm products and licenses as well as state monopolies of imports (undergoing a dismantling). Some plant products such as potatoes and flowers are subject to seasonal limitations. Iceland implements high tariffs on agricultural products in order to protect the domestic agricultural sector. Tariffs on certain varieties of vegetables, e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers and bell peppers are significantly higher during the growing season to protect domestic greenhouse producers. Meat and dairy products, and potatoes are also protected by substantial duties. Animal feed can carry tariffs up to 55%. Over 90% of imports are not subject to import restrictions or duties other than the same value-added tax applied to domestically produced goods. Special excise taxes are levied on sugar and some sugar products, potatoes, and motor vehicles. Agricultural products remain the most heavily taxed. In March 1970, Iceland acquired full membership in EFTA. On 28 February 1973, Iceland ratified a trade agreement with the European Community (later named the European Union) leading to the elimination of tariffs on industrial goods. A law authorizing the establishment of free trade zones went into effect in 1992. Icelands trade regime underwent considerable liberalization in the 1990s with accession to the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1993, and the Uruguay Round in 1994. Current duty rates generally range from 0% to 30% ad valorem and the average weighted tariff is 3.6%. Some goods enter duty-free, such as meat, fish, and dairy products. Icelands average MFN applied tariff is 5.9%. A high percentage of tariff lines (70%) benefit from duty free treatment. The average MFN applied tariff rate  for agricultural products is 18.3% (WTO definition) compared with 2.5% for other goods.  [iv]   Iceland offers preferential tariffs on imports from 37 WTO Members under several free-trade agreements. Regional liberalization has advanced the most within the framework of the European Economic Area (EEA); nonetheless, the average tariff on products from EEA partners is still 3.2%, reflecting the exclusion of several agricultural products from duty-free treatment. A new Customs Law came into force on 1 January 2006 (Act No. 88/2005). According to the authorities, customs clearance for all importation aspects is computerized; electronic data interchange (EDI) covers 98% of the declarations of import and export firms. Customs clearance using EDI takes a matter of minutes, or a few hours if processed manually. CONCLUSION The occurrence of the financial and economic crisis left economists and policymakers wondering about its causes. A vast majority of economist and policymakers blamed the free-market reforms. At the beginning of 1990s, the government of Iceland implemented a set of free-market reforms under the leadership of David Oddsson. The companies own by the state were privatized. Financial markets were liberalized. The central bank was granted full independence in refining extensive inflation. Also, the corporate tax rate was cut from 52 percent in 1985 to 15 percent in 2008. When the financial crisis battered the stock market which led to the breakdown of the banking sector, many economists, analysts and policymakers immediately blamed free-market reforms as the foremost origin of the crisis. However, the empirical evidence and a macroeconomic analysis reverse this kind of thinking. The main origin of the financial and economic crisis that evolved in Iceland is a failure of monetary policy. In 2002, Iceland witnessed a mild recession that ended quickly. Ever since then, the central bank constantly failed to meet the inflation target. In response, it raised benchmark interest rate to double-digit levels. As a consequence of a stunning gap in interest rates, the Icelandic krona strongly appreciated. In such circumstances, high domestic interest rates discouraged the domestic banking sector from borrowing in domestic currency. With interest rates standing at double-digit levels, uncovered interest parity encouraged households, firms and banks to borrow in foreign currency. Iceland has been a part of the news lately because of the recent volcanic eruptions which took place on 15th April 2010 in the glacier Eyjafjallajokull in South Iceland. Day to day business in Iceland apart from the directly affected areas in the south has not been affected. The ash hurled into the atmosphere by the eruption has however caused serious disruption of air traffic due to which number of flights have been cancelled and also heavy losses has been incurred to the aviation sector, especially in UK.

Useful Proverbs

A bad workman blames his tools. * Something that you say when someone blames the objects they are using for their own mistakes. It is not the tools we use which make us good, but rather how we employ them. 2. If a job is worth doing, it’s worth doing well. * There is a lot of emphasis on getting things right 3. Make hay while the sun still shines. * To take an opportunity to do something when the time and conditions are near perfect or available. * To do something while you have the time to do it. Act while conditions are favorable 4. Many hands make light work. * This idiom means that when everyone gets involved in something, the work gets done quickly. 5. Too many cooks spoil the broth. * This means that where there are too many people trying to do something, they end up making a mess of it. * Too many persons involved in managing an activity can ruin it. 6. Early to bed and early to rise makes you healthy, wealthy and wise. 7. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do tod ay. 8.The devil makes work for idle hands. * If a person is not busy he will do evil things. Protestants believe children should be busy because the devil makes work for idle hands. 9. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. * Hard work without time for recreation is not good for one's health 10. The early bird catches the worm. * It means that if you start something early, you stand a better chance of success. You know the saying, As the old saying goes, It literally means that worth=worthy of

Project/Portfolio Fact Pattern Handout

Facts – Little Louie 1. Unemployed 2. Dates Wild Wanda 3. Plans to rob a bank with Billy Bad Boy and Vinnie Bagadonuts. 4. Knows a gun collector named Smith 5. Breaks into Smith’s house 6. Breaks into the gun locker and steals couple of handguns, sawed-off shotgun, and automatic weapons. 7. Robs the bank 8. In a shootout with the armed guard a bank teller and police officer is shot. 9. Runs from the police officers. 10. Breaks into Smokey’s house. Little Louie 1. Conspiracy          Title 18, Part 1, Ch, 19,  §Ã‚  371 2. Burglary – break an entering                ORC, Title29, Ch 2911,  § 2911. 2       a) Breaking glass window into Smiths house 3. Second count of burglary – guns                   ORC, Title29, Ch 2911,  § 2911. 12       a) Breaking into the gun case b) Saw off shotgun c) Several hand guns d) Automatic weapons 4. Robbery – bank       Title18, Part 1, Ch 103,  § 2113 5. Murder of police officer       Title18, Part 1, Ch 51,  § 1114 6. Murder of a bank teller       Title 18, Part 1, Ch 51,  § 1111 7. Fleeing and eluding police officer                      ORC, Title 29, Ch 2921,  § 2921. 331 Offense Charge with & Defense possibly for Little LouieLittle Louie is charged with conspiracy because he had talked planned with Billy Bad Boy and Vince Bagadonuts. Little Louie is charged with two counts of 5th degree felony burglary for in the Smith’s home and take his guns. Little Louie is charge with two counts of 1st degree felony Aggavated Murder one of a police officer and the other is the bank teller. Little Louie is charged with one count of fleeing and eluding of a police officer. Little Louie claims that Vinnie Bagadonuts was the one that shot the officer and bank teller and that also he was the one that broke into the house, and that    along with him.

The level of violence on screen essays

The level of violence on screen essays The Analyzation of Violence on Screen In the last few years, I have noticed that on screen violence has become as common as a Cheesesteak in Philadelphia. People often argue that the violence seen on screen is influencing our culture, yet each year the amount of viewers' increase. It seems that in order for your film or program to be successful it must contain violence. In my opinion, this constant levitation of violence on screen is due to our cultures' infatuation with the art of violence. Violence is present in the most of our cultures most enjoyedfilms like Independence Day, daytime talk shows such as Jerry Springer and even in cartoons that have been around forever like Tom & Jerry. I can recall a time when daytime talk shows (Donahue, Oprah) would hardly ever have audience feed back and very few panelists. My how times have changed. On today's talk shows, such as Jerry Springer, there is always a boisterous audience member, or an insane guest. Just as sure as you will find Abe Lincoln on a penny, you will see a ch air fly on Jerry Springer. The Springer show was the first show to have guests' fight without stopping the camera. Jerry Springers' blatant disrespect for daytime show rules stirred controversy in the media but it also stirred up something in the public.... interest.Although Jerry Springer had gone against all the rules of daytime, his rebellion had made his talk show the most watched show in the nation. When the Springer show surpassed the ratings of all time favorite Oprah Whinfrey, it was re-established that violence sells. Recently the Springer show has stopped airing its' fierce and very real fights for many reasons, one being that 23% of the people that watched his show are under the age of sixteen. Although Jerry Springer is a show intended for adults, childrens' shows contain violence as well.When I was a child, I saw nothing wrong with the Elmer Fudd hunting Rabbits or other Looney Tune characters being blow...

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Rise of the modern presidncy form T. roosevelt to fdr essays The modern presidency began to rise in about 1900 with Theodore Roosevelt. He began a theme of the 20th century of more federal power within the government and more power of the president in particular. Theodore Roosevelt was president from 1901-1909. Both government and presidency increased during his term. You can see this by the way he regulated big business. He appealed directly to the nation, increasing presidential power, since progressivism had support of America. Roosevelt had engagement in world affairs on his mind and tried to create a more stable world. The panama canal was built while he was in office. He thought it was the responsibility of a civilized nation to help stabilize others. Taft took over for the next four years and somewhat decreased both presidential strength and federal power. There was less land regulation and he chose to have much less control of congress than he could have. It was his personal opinion that it crossed over the checks and balances system of our government. Taft stepped back from foreign affairs also with much less engagement. Woodrow Wilson was in office for two terms, from 1913-1921. Americas support for progressivism allows Wilson to act as leader of government and nation increasing the role of the president. He also increased the federal governments power by putting into effect the federal reserve system. He wanted to stay out of war at first and was even using lines for his reelection with peacekeeping intentions. This comes from the strong American public opinion to stay out of the war and world affairs. He did although end up going to war and failed as a leader when he couldnt get the allied nations support. He did create the league of nations. Harding and Coolidge both decrease the effects of government and the presidency but it does not go back to zero. They serve from 1921-1929 and take a much more isolationalist approach to foreign affairs because it was now the...

Data Model and Data Flow Diagram Assignment Essay

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Case Study - Motivation Essay Example for Free

Case Study Motivation Essay Introduction In this brief introduction, advice for James on how to motivate his Year 5 teachers will be framed by explaining the nature of goal, the dimension of the goal and how it should be set. Secondly, suggestions of the selection of Year 5 teacher will be given. Furthermore, various ways of rewarding the goal achievement will be mentioned while evaluating the role of James during the academic year and the application of goal setting. In addition, unintended consequences of the goal setting methods will be discussed and follow by a conclusion. Nature of goal, Dimension of the goal and how it should be set Refers to Locke (1990 and 1996), goal is an object or aim for an action is the definition of goal and it is something consciously want. Goal can be explained by internal and external factors , goals are thoughts with desired end internally and object or conditions sought externally while a job to be completed is as known as task (Locke 1990 and 1996). In this case, the goal of James is to boost his school average result in NAPLAN test (i.e. the 5 reporting sector ) therefore it is above the national average while the task is to select an appropriate teacher that is able to improve the results of the 5 reporting factors. Dimension of goals can be divided content and intensity and they are not easily separated (Locke 1990). Goal content means the actual object sought and psychological goal that an individual have (Locke 1990 and 1996). Content differs in qualitatively and quantitatively and degree of specificity (Locke 199 0). A positive relationship between goal difficulties and performance is founded, the harder the goal is, the better the achievement (Locke 1996). The second factor is intensity. Intensity refers to the depth of the goal, such as scope and integration of the goal setting process and the importance of the goal, etc (Locke1990). Goals can be set according to S.M.A.R.T. which means that goals must be specific, measurable, assignable, realistic and time-related (Rouillard 2003). A specific goal should be details enough to mention what is to be achieved and accomplished, too general statement is insufficient to motive workers (Rouillard 2003).A goal should be measurable which is quantifiable and provide a standard for comparison while indicate whether the goal is reached (Rouillard 2003). Thirdly, an attainable goal should be able to achievable while challenging, a goal with extreme low and  high expectation is insufficient to motivate (Rouillard 2003). Realistic goal means it is practical, possible and achievable (Rouillard 2003). Time-related means to frame the goal with a given period, an out-dated goal has no effect on motivat ion (Rouillard 2003). In this case, James can set a goal like ‘improve 75% of year 5 students results with a grade improvement in the factors of reading, writing, spelling, grammar and punctuation and numeracy within one semester (6 months)’. Access of candidates In this case, the aim is to improve the students’ results therefore teacher effectiveness is the main consideration. Teacher effectiveness is a measure of teacher’s ability to produce an academic growth in a given context and situation (Stronge and Hindman 2006 and Bailey 2006). Various sectors are needed for evaluation. (i) Knowledge/ Teaching certification Richard has the highest degree compare to others and Richard is passionate about upgrading himself to a higher level. Moreover, Richard is familiar with the updated education syllabus as he has completed his bachelor degree few years ago. No specific information about Janice’s educational background is mentioned; it is assumed she has the lowest degree among candidates. Although Janice had attended some teacher training, she is not familiar and active about the updated educational changes and practices which makes her less competitive. Ivar has deep knowledge about psychology and enjoy high degree of reputation and he is a high achieving student which shows Ivar has adequate intelligence level. Refers to Mandeville and Liu cited in Campbell et al (2012), students who are taught by higher levels of teacher certification have better thinking skills and performance than the lower level of knowledge. From the above evaluation, Richard and Ivar are more knowledgeable. (ii) Personal ity Richard is young, enthusiastic, active, ambitious and competitive; Janice is mature, sociable with good personal skills, passionate but less active than Richard and Ivar is logical and rational but not good at communication. Personality is not suggested as a standard for selection as there is no direct relationship between personality and achievement of pupils (Borich cited in Campbell et al 2012 ). More factors should be considered. (iii)  Experience Richard has few years of teaching year 2 and 3 but lack of experience on teaching year 5 and 6; Janice has the most experience among 3 of them and she has 5 years experience on Year 5. Comparing to others, Ivar has the least experience in teaching. Teaching experience is a valuable access however there is no direct relationship between experience and student achievement and teaching experience is only a predictor of student outcomes occasionally (Anderson and Doresett cited in Campbell et al 2012). More factors should be concern. (iv) Self –efficacy ‘A belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the course of action required to produce given attainment ‘is called self efficacy (Bandura cited in Campbell et al 2012). Richard and Ivar are very confident about teaching year 5 while Janice is less confident about her skills. It is suggested that students that taught by higher self –efficacy perform better on standardized test and teachers with low self-efficacy have lower expectation of students (Moore and Esselman cited in Campbell et al 2012) . To improve the grade of NAPLAN, advancement of languages and maths are necessary and a teacher with higher self-efficacy is critical as there is positive relationship between self efficacy and the performance of languages and maths of the students (Anderson et al cited in Campbell et al 2012). From the perspective of goal setting theory, an individual with high self efficacy is more willing to set and accept a harder goal while commit to the goals with eff ort (Locke 1996). Richard and Ivar are the better choice. After accessing the above criteria, Richard and Ivar are the better choice since both of them are highly educated and with high self efficacy but Richard is the best choice. Ivar is not specialist in education which shows concern of insufficient knowledge of educational practices while Richard has a better educational knowledge. Refers to Darling-Hammond cited in Campbell et al (2012) , the strongest forecaster of relative achievement compared to others is teacher’s certification therefore Richard will be a better choice based on the element of knowledge. Methods to reward goal achievement The goal cannot be reached by one party’s effort therefore Richard and students should be rewarded. Financial rewards and non-financial rewards are suggested and James should integrate them as a complete reward process in order to work more effectively (Armstrong and Murlis 2007). (i) Financial rewards Merit pay program can be used once Richard reaches the goal. Merit pay is a system that increases the base salary of the employee who achieves the objectives of the business (Snell and Bohlander 2012). James should raise Richard‘s salary with a range of 7 to 9% in order to be motivate (Snell and Bohlander 2012). Financial rewards have no significant in students’ achievement thus financial reward is more appropriate for teachers (Robin 2012). From individual aspect, the increased salary allows Richard to satisfy various needs, such as; help his school fee for his master degree. Richard is competitive, while the financial reward is a tangible form of achievement recognition that satisfies his needs of ego and self- actualization (Armstrong and Murlis 2007). For school, the financial rewards enhance motivation, Richard is more willing to stay in the school and this benefits the school from retaining talents to teach Year 5 students (Armstrong and Murlis 2007). (ii) Non fina ncial rewards Non financial rewards are more effective in motivating (Armstrong and Murlis 2007). James can reward Richard by providing recognition, such as verbally reward with positive feedback, promotion and training and development. James can reward the students by praising the classes and providing extra-circular activities for students to relax and learn. Richard has his own mind in career progression, rewards such as promotion, allows him to reach his individual goal (to have a better career).If Richard is rewarded with training, more knowledge will be received and allow him to have a well preparation for his master degree. Non financial rewards shows recognition which reinforce Richard’s self esteem and self actualization. For the school, non financial rewards bring lasting motivation which maintains Richard’s motivation to work in the school and dedicate more effort for his teaching of Year 5 students. (Armstrong and Murlis 2007) The rewards  motivate the Year 5 students t o study hard in order to get a better result in NAPLAN. James’s role According to managerial competency framework by Quinn, several roles from the framework are selected for James in the application of this case. James is a director, he has to develop a vision and set a clear goal and objectives for his teachers moreover he has to organize and design the whole plan to achieve the goal (Quinn et al 2003). Secondly, James is a mentor, he has to communicate effectively and share his knowledge of NAPLAN with Richard to develop his ability in teaching Year 5 students (Quinn et al 2003). James has to think creatively as he may have to draft new teaching strategies with Richard therefore he has to live and mange the change and his role in this process is innovator (Quinn et al 2003). James is also a co-coordinator, new ideas may suggested by Richard and James has to manage the projects and across the functions to ensure the Richard’s works can run smoothly (Quinn et al 2003).Finally, James is a monitor, performances of students should be reviewed regu larly to keep the process on track while teaching styles should be monitored, for example, James can be a guest teacher in Richard’s class to see how the class runs and provides feedback to Richard (Quinn et al 2003, Mitchell, Ortiz, and Mitchell 1987). Feedback drives performance and motivation therefore feedback should be given frequently, James is able to check the progress of the goal while Richard is able to improve his limitations or retain his advantages (Latham 2007). Unintended consequences  Harder goals drive performance therefore James may set a harder goal for Richard and his year 5 students to achieve (Latham 2007). A harder goal is associated higher risk which may lead to worse performance compare to lower goals, for instance, a harsher teaching style is adopted by Richard but students may face extra pressure and lost their motivation in learning (Latham 2007). Secondly, goal conflicts may happen, such as, the school’s goal is vary from Richard’s individual goal which reduce the motivation and worsen the performance (Latham 2007). In order to reach the goal, James has to co-ordinate with other teachers with the class arrangement, this may lead to disagreement about the decision and conflicts between colleagues may result. With the new class arrangement, other classes need to adopt a new  teacher or teaching style; it influences the academic results and motivation. Others teachers also need to cope with the new goal and assi st Richard and principal in some points yet they do not get any reward, it leads to the problem of unfairness and inequality. Conclusion To conclude, goal and task are strongly linked and dimension of goal is divided into content and intensity. A successful goal should be set according to S.M.A.R.T. After evaluation, Richard is chosen as the teacher. James could motive Richard and students by financial and non financial rewards. Within the process, James has multiple roles as mention before to ensure the goal is achieved. However, unexpected results may happen therefore James should consider more theories application solve the problem and achieve synergy. Reference list Armstrong, M. and Murlis, H. 2007, Reward Management: A Handbook of Remuneration Strategy and Practice, 5th ed., Kogan Page Publishers, U.K. Bailey, K. 2006, Language Teacher Supervision: A case Based Approach, Cambridge University Press, U.K. Campbell, J., Kyriakides, L., Nuijis, D. and Robinson, W. 2012, Assessing Teacher Effectiveness: Different Models, Routledge, Canada. Latham, G. 2007, Work Motivation. History.Theory.Research and Practice, Thousand Oaks, U.K. Locke, E. 1996, ‘Motivation through conscious goal setting’, Applied and Preventative Psychology, vol.5, pp. 117-124. Locke, E. and Latham, G. 1990, A theory of Goal setting and Task Performance, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Mitchell, D., Ortiz, F. and Mitchell, T. 1987, Work Orientation and Job Performance: The Cultural Basis of Teaching Rewards and Incentives, Suny Press, U.S.A. Robin, G. 2012, Praise, Motivation, and the Child, Routledge, U.S.A. Rouillard,L. 2003, Goals and Goal Setting: Achieving Measured Ob jectives, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, U.S.A. Snell, S. and Bohlander,G. 2012, Managing Human Resources, Cengage Learning, U.S.A. Stronge, J. and Hindman, J. 2006, The Teacher Quality Index: A Protocol for Teacher Selection, ASCD, U.S.A. Quinn, R.E., Faerman,S.R., Thompson,M.P. and McGrath,M. 2003, Becoming a master manager: A competency framework, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York.